1. Who is a proponent of discontinuity theory, argues that a single chance mutation occurred in one individual in the order of 100,000 years ago, installing the language faculty (a hypothetical component of the mid-brain) in ‘perfect’ or ‘near-perfect’ form ?
A:) Noam Chomsky
B:) Steven Pinker
C:) Michael Tomasello
D:) Johanna Nichols
springline- Correct option: A:) Noam Chomsky
2. Yo-he-ho Theory: The yo-he-ho theory claims language emerged from collective rhythmic labor, the attempt to synchronize muscular effort resulting in sounds such as heave alternating with sounds such as ho. Which theory saw the first words as emotional interjections and exclamations triggered by pain, pleasure, surprise?
A:) Ta-Ta theory
B:) Ding-Dong theory
C:) Bow-Wow theory
D:) The pooh-pooh theory
springline- Correct option: D:) The pooh-pooh theory
3. The ‘mother tongues’ hypothesis was proposed in 2004 as a possible solution to this problem. Who suggested that the Darwinian principle of 'kin selection'—the convergence of genetic interests between relatives—might be part of the answer, also he suggests that languages were originally 'mother tongues?
A:) W. Tecumseh Fitch
B:) Max Muller
C:) W. Tecumseh Fitch
D:) Q.D. Atkinson
springline- Correct option: C:) W. Tecumseh Fitch
4. The ritual/speech co-evolution theory was originally proposed by social anthropologist Roy Rappaport before being elaborated by anthropologists. Cognitive scientist and robotics engineer Luc Steels is another prominent supporter of this general approach, as is biological anthropologist and neuroscientist ________ ?
A:) Sir Richard Paget
B:) Terrence Deacon
C:) W. Tecumseh Fitch
D:) Robin Dunbar
springline- Correct option: B:) Terrence Deacon
5. Renaissance philosopher Antoine Arnauld gave a detailed description of his idea of the origin of language in Port-Royal Grammar. According to Arnauld, people are social and rational by nature, and this urged them to create language as a means to communicate their ideas to others. Who was particularly sceptical of the attempts of August Schleicher?
A:) Noam Chomsky
B:) Max Miller
C:) Robin Dunbar
D:) Saussure
springline- Correct option: D:) Saussure
6. The exact way language evolved is however not considered as vital to the study of languages. Structural linguist Ferdinand de Saussure abandoned evolutionary linguistics after having come to the firm conclusion that it would not be able to provide any further revolutionary insight after the completion of the major works in historical linguistics by the end of the _______?
A:) 17th Century
B:) 18th century
C:) 19th Century
D:) 20th Century
springline- Correct option: B:) 18th century
7. Synchronic linguistics, in contrast, aims to widen scientists' understanding of language through a study of a given contemporary or historical language stage as a system in its own right. According to Whom , language and meaning—in opposition to ‘knowledge, which develops slowly and progressively’—must have appeared in an instant ?
A:) Michael Tomasello
B:) Claude Lévi-Strauss
C:) Johanna Nichols
D:) Nick Enfield
springline- Correct option: B:) Claude Lévi-Strauss
8. Structuralism, as first introduced to sociology by Émile Durkheim, is nonetheless a type of humanistic evolutionary theory which explains diversification as necessitated by growing complexity. There was a shift of focus to functional explanation after, Whose death?
A:) Saussure
B:) Derrida
C:) Deacon
D:) Ian Watts
springline- Correct option: A:) Saussure
9. A metaphor is, literally, a false statement. In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo declares ‘Juliet is the sun!’. Juliet is a woman, not a ball of plasma in the sky, but human listeners are not (or not usually) pedants insistent on point-by-point factual accuracy. They want to know what the speaker has in mind. Which is essentially based on metaphor?
A:) vocabulary
B:) proto-language
C:) functional linguistic
D:) Grammaticalisation
springline- Correct option: D:) Grammaticalisation
10. Which are significantly simplified languages with only rudimentary grammar and a restricted vocabulary and in their early stage, it mainly consist of nouns, verbs, and adjectives with few or no articles, prepositions, conjunctions or auxiliary verbs and often the grammar has no fixed word order and the words have no inflection ?
A:) Synchronic
B:) Pidgins
C:) Stochastic
D:) Syntax
springline- Correct option: B:) Pidgins
11. The Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the primate brain are responsible for controlling the muscles of the face, tongue, mouth, and larynx, as well as recognizing sounds. Primates are known to make ‘vocal calls’, and these calls are generated by circuits in the brainstem and _____?
A:) limbic system
B:) linguistic system
C:) morphology
D:) phonetic system
springline- Correct option: A:) limbic system
12. The larynx or voice box is an organ in the neck housing the vocal folds, which are responsible for phonation. In humans, the larynx is descended. The human species is not unique in this respect: goats, dogs, pigs and tamarins lower the larynx temporarily, to emit loud calls. Structuralism, as first introduced to sociology by ______?
A:) Antoine Arnauld
B:) Andre Martinet
C:) Berwick
D:) Emile Durkheim
springline- Correct option: D:) Emile Durkheim
13. Evolutionary and historical linguistics are renamed as diachronic linguistics. Which linguistic, in contrast, aims to widen scientists' understanding of language through a study of a given contemporary or historical language stage as a system in its own right ?
A:) Structural linguistic
B:) Synchronic linguistics
C:) Evolutionary linguistics
D:) diachronic linguistics
springline- Correct option: B:) Synchronic linguistics
14. Most mythologies do not credit humans with the invention of language but speak of a divine language predating human language. Mystical languages used to communicate with animals or spirits, such as the language of the birds, are also common, and were of particular interest during the _____ ?
A:) Victorian Era
B:) Restoration
C:) Reformation
D:) Renaissance
springline- Correct option: D:) Renaissance
15. In the Old Testament, the Book of Genesis says that God prevented the Tower of Babel from being completed through a miracle that made its construction workers start speaking different languages. Who is the author of Book of Genesis?
A:) Homer
B:) Herodotus
C:) Moses
D:) Hesiod
springline- Correct option: C:) Moses
16. History contains a number of anecdotes about people who attempted to discover the origin of language by experiment. The first such tale was told by Herodotus .From this, Psammetichus concluded that the first language was Phrygian. King James V of Scotland is said to have tried a similar experiment; his children were supposed to have spoken______?
A:) Dutch
B:) Hebrew
C:) Latin
D:) Greek
springline- Correct option: B:) Hebrew
17. The Indo-European languages are a language family native to western and southern Eurasia. The Indo-European family is divided into several branches or sub-families, of which there are eight groups with languages still alive today: Albanian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, and ______?
A:) Greek
B:) Dutch
C:) Irish
D:) Italic
springline- Correct option: D:) Italic
18. All Indo-European languages are descended from a single prehistoric language, reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European, spoken sometime in the Neolithic era. The most widely accepted is the Kurgan hypothesis, which posits the urheimat to be the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya culture around ____?
A:) 3000 BC
B:) 4000 BC
C:) 5000 BC
D:) 6000 BC
springline- Correct option: A:) 3000 BC
19. Around 3000 BC, By the time the first written records appeared, Indo-European had already evolved into numerous languages spoken across much of Europe and south-west Asia. Written evidence of Indo-European appeared during the Bronze Age in the form of Mycenaean Greek and the Anatolian languages, Hittite and ______?
A:) Phrygian
B:) Pidgin
C:) Luwian
D:) Argot
springline- Correct option: C:) Luwian
20. The Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as it possesses the second-longest recorded history of any known family, after the Afroasiatic family in the form of the Egyptian language and the Semitic languages. During the nineteenth century, the linguistic concept of Indo-European languages was frequently used interchangeably with the racial concepts of Aryan and _____?
A:) Japhetite
B:) Dutch
C:) Phrygian
D:) Hebrew
springline- Correct option: A:) Japhetite
21. In 1647, Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among certain Asian and European languages and theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language which he called Scythian. He included in his hypothesis Dutch, Albanian, Greek, Latin, Persian, and German, later adding Slavic, Celtic, and _____?
A:) Arabic language
B:) Baltic languages
C:) Aryan languages
D:) European Languages
springline- Correct option: B:) Baltic languages
22. Thomas Young first used the term Indo-European in 1813, deriving it from the geographical extremes of the language family: from Western Europe to North India. A synonym is Indo-Germanic (Idg. or IdG.), specifying the family's southeasternmost and northwesternmost branches. This first appeared in French (indo-germanique) in _____?
A:) 1810
B:) 1811
C:) 1812
D:) 1815
springline- Correct option: A:) 1810
23. Evidence for a relationship between Greek and Armenian includes the regular change of the second laryngeal to a at the beginnings of words, as well as terms for ‘woman’ and ‘sheep’. Greek and Indo-Iranian share innovations mainly in verbal morphology and patterns of nominal derivation. Relations have also been proposed between Greek and_____?
A:) Hebrew
B:) Phrygian
C:) cant
D:) Lingua Franca
springline- Correct option: B:) Phrygian
24. Indo-European languages are spoken by billions of native speakers across all inhabited continents, the largest number by far for any recognised language family. Of the 20 languages with the largest numbers of speakers according to Ethnologue, 10 are Indo-European : English, Hindustani, Spanish, Bengali, French, Russian, Portuguese, German, Persian and _______?
A:) Sanskrit
B:) Hindi
C:) Marathi
D:) Punjabi
springline- Correct option: D:) Punjabi
25. Despite medieval invasions by Eurasian nomads, a group to which the Proto-Indo-Europeans had once belonged, Indo-European expansion reached another peak in the early modern period with the dramatic increase in the population of the Indian subcontinent and European expansionism throughout the globe during the ______?
A:) Age of Discovery
B:) Age of Reason
C:) Age of Romanticism
D:) Age of Youth
springline- Correct option: A:) Age of Discovery
26. 1500–1000 BC: The Nordic Bronze Age develops pre-Proto-Germanic, and the (pre)-Proto-Celtic Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures emerge in Central Europe, introducing the Iron Age. Migration of the Proto-Italic speakers into the Italian peninsula (Bagnolo stele). Redaction of the Rigveda and rise of the Vedic civilization in the Punjab. The Mycenaean civilization gives way to ______?
A:) the Latin Dark Ages
B:) the Arabic ages
C:) the Greek Dark Ages
D:) the French Dark Age
springline- Correct option: C:) the Greek Dark Ages
27. Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Vienna in 1665–1666 as part of a diplomatic mission and noted a few similarities between words in German and in Persian. Gaston Coeurdoux and others made observations of the same type. Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek conjugations in the late _______?
A:) 1750s
B:) 1760s
C:) 1770s
D:) 1780s
springline- Correct option: B:) 1760s
28. The Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as it possesses the second-longest recorded history of any known family, after the Afroasiatic family in the form of the Egyptian language and the _______?
A:) Semitic languages
B:) Arabic languages
C:) Creole language
D:) Lingua Franca
springline- Correct option: A:) Semitic languages
29. The hypothesis reappeared in 1786, Who first lectured on the striking similarities among three of the oldest languages known in his time: Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, to which he tentatively added Gothic, Celtic, and Persian, though his classification contained some inaccuracies and omissions?
A:) Daniel Everett
B:) Sir William Jones
C:) Steven Mithen
D:) Richard G. Klein
springline- Correct option: B:) Sir William Jones
30. Ancient Greek (c. 750–400 BC). Mycenaean Greek (c. 1450 BC) is the oldest recorded form, but its value is lessened by the limited material, restricted subject matter, and highly ambiguous writing system. More important is Ancient Greek, documented extensively beginning with the _____?
A:) Homeric poems
B:) Moses Poem
C:) Platonic Works
D:) Horace poems
springline- Correct option: A:) Homeric poems