1. The history of morphological analysis dates back to the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini, who formulated the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī by using a constituency grammar. The linguistic term ‘morphology’ was coined by August Schleicher in _____
A:) 1856
B:) 1857
C:) 1858
D:) 1859
springline- Correct option: D:) 1859
2. Compounding is a process of word formation that involves combining complete word forms into a single compound form. Dog catcher, therefore, is a compound, as both dog and catcher are complete word forms in their own right but are subsequently treated as parts of one form. Derivation involves ______
A:) affixing bound
B:) pragmatics
C:) diachronically
D:) semiotics
springline- Correct option: A:) affixing bound
3. Even cases regarded as regular, such as -s, are not so simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the same way as the -s in cats; and, in plurals such as dishes, a vowel is added before the -s. These cases, where the same distinction is effected by alternative forms of a ____?
A:) clitics
B:) formalism
C:) word
D:) allomorphy
springline- Correct option: C:) word
4. Idiolect is an individual's unique use of language, including speech. This unique usage encompasses vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. An idiolect is the variety of language unique to an individual. This differs from a____
A:) written form
B:) dialect
C:) native language
D:) linguistics
springline- Correct option: B:) dialect
5. Idiolect : The term is etymologically related to the Greek prefix idio- (meaning ‘own, personal, private, peculiar, separate, distinct’) and -lect, abstracted from dialect, and ultimately from Ancient Greek légō, is ____
A:) symbol
B:) Sound
C:) we speak
D:) I speak
springline- Correct option: D:) I speak
6. Dialect, One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers. Under this definition, The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class or _____ ?
A:) ethnicity
B:) psychology
C:) philosophy
D:) ambiguity
springline- Correct option: A:) ethnicity
7. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect, a dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed an ethnolect, and a geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect alternative terms include 'regionalect', 'geolect', and ____
A:) prosect
B:) semierect
C:) topolect
D:) subdialect
springline- Correct option: C:) topolect
8. Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon, which, morphologically conceived, is the collection of lexemes in a language. As such, it concerns itself primarily with word formation: derivation and _____
A:) lexical
B:) compounding
C:) bound
D:) ambiguity
springline- Correct option: B:) compounding
9. A morpheme is defined as the minimal meaningful unit of a language. In a word such as independently, the morphemes are said to be in-, de-, pend, -ent, and -ly; pend is the (bounD:) root and the other morphemes are, in this case, derivational affixes.[d] In words such as dogs, dog is the root and the -s is an inflectional morpheme. In its simplest and most naïve form, this way of analyzing word forms, called ____
A:) word and meaning
B:) item-and-arrangement
C:) word and item
D:) arrangement and form
springline- Correct option: B:) item-and-arrangement
10. Some languages are isolating, and have little to no morphology; others are agglutinative whose words tend to have many easily separable morphemes. That leads to one bound morpheme conveying multiple pieces of information. A standard example of an isolating language is _____
A:) Italy
B:) Australia
C:) New Zealand
D:) Chinese
springline- Correct option: D:) Chinese
11. Morpheme-based morphology comes in two flavours, one Bloomfieldian and one Hockettian. For Bloomfield, the morpheme was the minimal form with meaning, but did not have meaning itself. For Hockett, morphemes are ‘meaning elements’, not ______
A:) form elements
B:) themes elements
C:) style elements
D:) linguistic elements
springline- Correct option: A:) form elements
12. The term morphome refers to a function in linguistics which is purely morphological or has an irreducibly morphological component. The term is particularly used by Martin Maiden following Mark Aronoff's identification of morphomic functions and the morphomic level—a level of linguistic structure intermediate between and independent of phonology and _____ ?
A:) semantics
B:) syntax
C:) phonetic
D:) paradigms
springline- Correct option: B:) syntax
13. Another is the division of lexemes into distinct inflectional classes. Whose theory of morphomes has been mostly developed with regard to the Romance languages, where he identified many examples of morphomic stem distributions?
A:) Roland Barthes
B:) William Labov
C:) Martin Maiden
D:) Edward Sapir
springline- Correct option: C:) Martin Maiden
14. A different typology of morphomic patterns has been put forth by Erich Round. He distinguishes rhizomorphomes, which are a property of roots (corresponding to the traditional notion of inflectional class), metamorphomes, which are a property of _______
A:) cognitive
B:) paradigms
C:) psychology
D:) sociology
springline- Correct option: B:) paradigms
15. In a similar way, the definitions of the terms ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in arbitrary or sociopolitical motives. The term ‘dialect’ is however sometimes restricted to mean ‘non-standard variety’, particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic_____
A:) culture
B:) traditions
C:) forms
D:) section
springline- Correct option: B:) traditions
16. The designation ‘dialect’ is also used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas, where the term ‘vernacular language‘ would be preferred by ______
A:) Linguists
B:) Phonetic
C:) Morphology
D:) Phonology
springline- Correct option: A:) Linguists
17. Features that distinguish dialects from each other can be found in lexicon (vocabulary) and grammar, as well as in pronunciation (phonology, including prosody). Where the salient distinctions are only or mostly to be observed in pronunciation, the more specific term accent may be used instead of______?
A:) grammar
B:) dialect
C:) native language
D:) written dialect
springline- Correct option: B:) dialect
18. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class or ethnicity. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect. A dialect that is associated with a particular ethnic group can be termed an______
A:) ethnic
B:) Idiolect
C:) Ethnolect
D:) Regional language
springline- Correct option: C:) Ethnolect
19. The Low German and Low Franconian varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are roofed by standard German. This is different from the situation in the Middle Ages when Low German had strong tendencies towards an ______
A:) European language
B:) Mexican language
C:) Gallo Romance language
D:) Ausbau language
springline- Correct option: D:) Ausbau language
20. Certain dialects of Serbia (Torlakian) and Croatia (Kajkavian and Chakavian), however, are not mutually intelligible even though they are usually subsumed under Serbo-Croatian. How these dialects should be classified in relation to Shtokavian remains a matter of dispute. Macedonian, although largely mutually intelligible with _____
A:) German
B:) Bulgarian
C:) Ladin
D:) Swiss German
springline- Correct option: B:) Bulgarian
21. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia. Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be ______
A:) Native English
B:) Grand English
C:) Standard English
D:) Lexicon English
springline- Correct option: C:) Standard English
22. British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, and ____
A:) New Zealand
B:) Spain
C:) Scotland
D:) Italy
springline- Correct option: A:) New Zealand
23. Conversely, in many countries historically influenced by the United States in which English is not spoken natively, American English forms are closely followed. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and______
A:) Mexican English
B:) Canadian English
C:) American English
D:) Philippine English
springline- Correct option: D:) Philippine English
24. Sociolects involve both passive acquisition of particular communicative practices through association with a local community. The term sociolect might refer to socially-restricted dialects, but it is sometimes also treated as equivalent with the concept of register, or used as a synonym for jargon and_____
A:) language
B:) form
C:) slang
D:) dialect
springline- Correct option: C:) slang
25. The term ‘Standard’ refers to the regularisation of the grammar, spelling, usages of the language and not to minimal desirability or interchangeability (e.g., a standard measure). There are substantial differences among the language varieties that countries of the Anglosphere identify as ‘standard English’: in England and _____
A:) Italy
B:) Mexico
C:) Sussex
D:) Wales
springline- Correct option: D:) Wales
26. The term Standard English identifies British English, the Received Pronunciation accent, and the grammar and vocabulary of United Kingdom Standard English . By virtue of a phenomenon sociolinguists call ‘elaboration of ______?
A:) meaning
B:) function
C:) formation
D:) standard
springline- Correct option: B:) function
27. In linguistics, syntax is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns of syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and____
A:) meaning
B:) style
C:) diction
D:) words
springline- Correct option: A:) meaning
28. The Port-Royal grammar modeled the study of syntax upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of the Port-Royal Logic were copied or adapted from the Grammaire générale.) Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of ‘subject – copula – predicate’. Initially, this view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as____ ?
A:) Steven Pinker
B:) Mary Haas
C:) Karl Brugmann
D:) Franz Bopp
springline- Correct option: D:) Franz Bopp
29. There are a number of theoretical approaches to the discipline of syntax. The linguists (e.g., Gerald Gazdar) take a more Platonistic view, since they regard. The most widely held approach is the performance–grammar correspondence hypothesis by whom ?
A:) Edward Sapir
B:) John A. Hawkins
C:) Leonard Bloomfield
D:) Karl Brugmann
springline- Correct option: B:) John A. Hawkins
30. Sussex dialect words have their sources in many historic languages including Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, a dash of 14th-century Middle French, and a little Scandinavian. Many words are thought to have derived from Sussex's fishermen and their links with fishermen from the coasts of France and the ______
A:) Netherlands
B:) Mexico
C:) Spain
D:) Canada
springline- Correct option: A:) Netherlands