1. Modern English spelling developed from about 1350 onwards, when—after three centuries of Norman French rule—English gradually became the official language of England again, although very different from before 1066, having incorporated many words of French origin , like the words of battle, beef, ____?
A:) bottle
B:) bus
C:) button
D:) butterfly
springline- Correct option: C:) button
2. Early writers of this new English, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, gave it a fairly consistent spelling system, but this was soon diluted by Whom, re-spelled words based on French orthography?
A:) Chancery clerks
B:) Chancery poets
C:) Chancery Prose writer
D:) Chancery writer
springline- Correct option: A:) Chancery clerks
3. English spelling consistency was dealt a further blow when William Caxton brought the printing press to London in 1476. Having lived in mainland Europe for the preceding 30 years, his grasp of the English spelling system had become uncertain. As printing developed, printers began to develop individual preferences or_____?
A:) Prose styles
B:) house styles
C:) church styles
D:) poet styles
springline- Correct option: B:) house styles
4. Furthermore,the typesetters were paid by the line and were fond of making words longer. However, the biggest change in English spelling consistency occurred in 1525, when William Tyndale first translated the New Testament. When King Henry VIII legalized the printing of English Bibles in England?
A:) 1536
B:) 1537
C:) 1538
D:) 1539
springline- Correct option: D:) 1539
5. The many editions of these Bibles were all printed outside England by people who spoke little or no English. They often changed spellings to match their Dutch orthography. James Howell in his Grammar of 1662 recommended minor changes to spelling, such as changing logique to logic, warre to war, sinne to sin, toune to ______?
A:) tone
B:) town
C:) tune
D:) ton
springline- Correct option: B:) town
6. From the 16th century AD onward, English writers who were scholars of Greek and Latin literature tried to link English words to their Graeco-Latin counterparts. They did this by adding silent letters to make the real or imagined links more obvious. Thus det became debt (to link it to Latin debitum), dout became doubt (to link it to Latin dubitare), sissors became scissors and sithe became ______?
A:) synthe
B:) sceyth
C:) sythc
D:) scythe
springline- Correct option: D:) scythe
7. William Shakespeare satirized the disparity between English spelling and pronunciation. In his play Love's Labour's Lost, the character Holofernes is ‘a pedant‘ who insists that pronunciation should change to match spelling, rather than simply changing spelling to match pronunciation. For example, Holofernes insists that everyone should pronounce the unhistorical B in words like_____?
A:) doubt
B:) bet
C:) date
D:) double
springline- Correct option: A:) doubt
8. The second period started in the 19th century and appears to coincide with the development of phonetics as a science. In 1806, Who published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language and It included an essay on the oddities of modern orthography and his proposals for reform?
A:) Michael Tomasello
B:) Noam Chomsky
C:) Steven Pinker
D:) Noah Webster
springline- Correct option: D:) Noah Webster
9. In 1807, Webster began compiling an expanded dictionary. It was published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language. Although it drew some protest, the reformed spellings were gradually adopted throughout the United States. Many of the spellings he used, such as color and center, would become hallmarks of ______?
A:) American English
B:) British English
C:) Indian English
D:) Modern English
springline- Correct option: A:) American English
10. In 1837, Isaac Pitman published his system of phonetic shorthand, while in 1848 Alexander John Ellis published A Plea for Phonetic Spelling. These were proposals for a new phonetic alphabet. Although unsuccessful, they drew widespread interest. When the philological societies of Great Britain and America chose to consider the matter?
A:) 1840s
B:) 1850s
C:) 1860s
D:) 1870s
springline- Correct option: D:) 1870s
11. The ‘International Convention for the Amendment of English Orthography’ that was held in Philadelphia in August 1876, societies were founded such as the English Spelling Reform Association and American Spelling Reform Association. That Year, how many adopted list of reformed spelling were given by the American Philological Society?
A:) 23 spelling
B:) 24 spelling
C:) 12 spelling
D:) 26 spelling
springline- Correct option: B:) 24 spelling
12. One major American newspaper that began using reformed spellings was the Chicago Tribune, whose editor and owner, Joseph Medill, sat on the Council of the Spelling Reform Association. When the American Philological Society and American Philological Association worked together to produce the reform rules?
A:) 1883
B:) 1884
C:) 1886
D:) 1888
springline- Correct option: C:) 1886
13. Affixes, word elements attached to words, may either precede, as prefixes (do, undo; way, subway), or follow, as suffixes (do, doer; way, waywarD:) . Modern technologists greatly favour the neo-Hellenic prefixes _______
A:) Macro-’long
B:) Aristan
C:) BlackBird
D:) Peace-Loving
springline- Correct option: A:) Macro-’long
14. Between 1934 and 1975, the Chicago Tribune, then Chicago's biggest newspaper, used a number of reformed spellings. Over a two-month spell in 1934, it introduced 80 respelled words, including tho, thru, thoro, agast, burocrat, frate, harth, herse, iland, rime, staf and telegraf. When a editorial reported that two-thirds of readers preferred the reformed spelling?
A:) January 1933
B:) March 1934
C:) April 1934
D:) May 1933
springline- Correct option: B:) March 1934
15. In 1961, this led to James Pitman's Initial Teaching Alphabet, introduced into many British schools in an attempt to improve child literacy. After several decades, the experiment was discontinued. When his book Spelling Reform: A New Approach, the Australian linguist Harry Lindgren proposed a step-by-step reform?
A:) 1955
B:) 1957
C:) 1969
D:) 1970
springline- Correct option: C:) 1969
16. As noted earlier, in the 16th century, some scholars of Greek and Latin literature tried to make English words look more like their Graeco-Latin counterparts, at times even erroneously. They did this by adding silent letters so , dout became doubt, iland became island, ake became ache, det became ____?
A:) doubt
B:) date
C:) debt
D:) deep
springline- Correct option: C:) debt
17. The English language's most celebrated writers and poets have used these spellings and others proposed by today's spelling reformers. In Faerie Queen which was a poem of Edmund Spenser, used spellings such as rize, wize and _____?
A:) advize
B:) advice
C:) size
D:) seeze
springline- Correct option: A:) advize
18. Thomas Smith, a Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth I, who published his proposal De recta et emendata linguæ angliæ scriptione in 1568. William Bullokar was a schoolmaster who published his book English Grammar in 1586, an early book on that topic. He published his proposal Booke at large for the Amendment of English Orthographie in ____?
A:) 1580
B:) 1581
C:) 1582
D:) 1585
springline- Correct option: A:) 1580
19. The letter ‘u’ is pronounced differently in words like out, pull, and fuse, and the sound ‘i’ is spelled differently in words like he, see, deceive and machine. Albert C. Baugh feels that Modern English has an illogical system of spelling as the sound of ‘sh’ has _______?
A:) thirteen spelling
B:) fourteen spelling
C:) fifteen spelling
D:) sixteen spelling
springline- Correct option: B:) fourteen spelling
20. There is congruity between the spelling and pronunciation of a large number of words through an ‘h’ sound that has been introduced in words like humble, hospital and honor in Modern English. The pronunciation of Middle English, Which letter has also witnessed a change in the Modern English period?
A:) i
B:) a
C:) e
D:) y
springline- Correct option: C:) e
21. Modern English has reduced the endings of old English. The Teutonic inflection of the adjective has been eliminated except for comparative and superlative degrees. The relation of words in a sentence which was indicated by means of inflections is now expressed by prepositions and _______?
A:) Affixation
B:) Morphome
C:) pure verbs
D:) auxiliaries
springline- Correct option: D:) auxiliaries
22. The use of word order as a means of grammatical expression is another characteristic of Modern English unlike other Indo-European languages, English shows more regularity in the case of word-order. In Modern English, an auxiliary verb doesn’t stand far from its principal verb, an adjective always stands before its noun, the subject precedes the verb and the transitive verb comes before its_______?
A:) Adverb
B:) object
C:) preposition
D:) Noun
springline- Correct option: B:) object
23. One of the characteristic of Modern English is its masculinity. English is the language of a grown-up man and has very little childish or Feminine about it. An Englishman does not like to use more words or more syllabus than are necessary. He dislikes strong or hyperbolic expressions. This sobriety of the language is one of the sights of ______?
A:) Socialism
B:) Gender
C:) Feminism
D:) Masculinity
springline- Correct option: D:) Masculinity
24. Modern English is one of the most logical languages with the exception of Chinese. The difference between the past he did, the present perfect he has done or the past perfect he had done is maintained strictly. The recent development of progressive tenses has furnished the language with the logically valuable distinction between I saw and I am seeing, I saw and _____?
A:) I was seeing
B:) I was see
C:) I will see
D:) I will seen
springline- Correct option: A:) I was seeing
25. The chief differences between RP, as defined above, and a variety of American English, such as Inland Northern (the speech form of western New England and its derivatives, often popularly referred to as General American), are in the pronunciation of certain individual vowels and diphthongs. Inland Northern American vowels sometimes have semiconsonantal final glides sounds resembling initial w, for example, or initial _____?
A:) u
B:) e
C:) v
D:) y
springline- Correct option: D:) y
26. Russian, English is a strongly stressed language. Four degrees of accentuation may be differentiated: primary, secondary, tertiary, and weak, which may be indicated, respectively, by acute (´), circumflex (ˆ), and grave (ˋ) accent marks and by the breve______
A:) (‘)
B:) (˘)
C:) (*)
D:) (‘)
springline- Correct option: B:) (˘)
27. Which is differs from RP in two respects: (1) r following vowels is preserved in words such as door, flower, and harmony, whereas it is lost in RP; (2) t between vowels is voiced, so that metal and matter sound very much like British medal and madder, although the pronunciation of this t is softer and less aspirated, or breathy, than the d of British English?
A:) Island America
B:) Mexican English
C:) Inland Northern American
D:) Western English
springline- Correct option: C:) Inland Northern American
28. The 24 consonant sounds comprise six stops (plosives): p, b, t, d, k, g; the fricatives f, v, θ (as in thin), ð [eth] (as in then), s, z, ∫ [esh] (as in ship), Ʒ (as in pleasure), and h; two affricatives: t∫ (as in church) and dƷ (as the j in jam); the nasals m, n, ŋ (the sound that occurs at the end of words such as young); the lateral ‘L’; the postalveolar or retroflex is the letter of_____?
A:) v
B:) i
C:) r
D:) s
springline- Correct option: C:) r
29. Pitch, or musical tone, determined chiefly by the rate of vibration of the vocal cords, may be level, falling, rising, or falling–rising. In counting one, two, three, four, one naturally gives level pitch to each of these cardinal numerals. Word tone is called accent, and sentence tone is referred to as _____
A:) Affixation
B:) intonation
C:) inflection
D:) composition
springline- Correct option: B:) intonation
30. Modern English nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are inflected. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are invariable. Most English nouns have plural inflection in (-e)s, but that form shows variations in pronunciation in the words cats. Five of the seven personal pronouns have distinctive forms for ______?
A:) subject and object
B:) Subject and Verb
C:) Object and Verb
D:) adverb and object
springline- Correct option: A:) subject and object